the title above was the answer an urban planning professor i had gave to an economist who asked him about
favelas: "but you do agree with me that this problem will only be solved with strong economic growth, right?". in brazil favelas are the result of economic growth, just like strong inequality and urban poverty in general, these did not persist in spite of growth, they're around because of it, or rather because of the way it happened (or happens).
it may seem a bit weird and hard to understand at first (after all,
trivial problems are not very frequent in brazil) but in fact it's more simple than it looks like, and i'll try to explain this point of view as shortly as possible: before brazil was urban, poverty was in a great deal in the rural areas, but two very strong tendencies from the 50s to the 70s radically changed this context: a devastating and accelerated modernisation of the rural economy (the "green revolution"), replacing a very large labor force previously employed in agriculture [no, we don't know what agrarian reform is] for machines (push); and strong and accelerated industrialization concentrated in the cities offering thousands of jobs for the unskilled labor force (pull). in the very middle of this process, before "trickle-down" economics would suposedly include all these people in a certain pool of beneficiaries of growth, crisis would hit with full swing in the early 80s. politicians during the military rule would talk about "growing the cake before dividing it and distributing its parts", and that sentence summarizes the pattern of growth we usually see in these whereabouts of the world.
[as
Rem Koolhaas noted on the Nigerian case - going a bit too far on the naïve belief in the potential of this organicity and failing to recognize the political aspect which is fundamental in the production of these spaces -] slums frequently create very interesting urban spaces. just like the renaissance towns in northern Italy (or even Ouro Preto), they are organically and spontaneously built spaces, providing other organic spatial features (chaotic - in the fractal, chaos theory sense of the word) that make certain (areas of) cities more interesting than others. generally they lack basic infrastructure, formal home ownership, public services, and better socioeconomic conditions - which is a good general description of the social exclusion of which they are a spatial expression, and which they tend to reinforce, acting back upon the socioeconomic aspects that help shape its space.
another important aspect is its discontinuity to the rest of the city and the fact that they become places (outside the fluidity of contemporary cities) which are very hard to access. in fact, most middle class people in the major cities have never been to a favela. this difficulty in flowing in and out of, to and from, the rest of the city is what makes the big drug business locate in these places, creating other territories (in the sense of the word related to the exercise of power over a certain area) within the same cityspace.
the biggest contradiction of all is its relation to the new pattern of economic growth that has been followed after restructuring from the 80s debt crisis, first in the blind "the market will solve everything (as long as the state is kept as small as possible and away from (its) business)" paradigm, second in the neoliberal ethos that the establishment has been injecting on people over the last 20 years in this country: "be an entrepreneur. find your own way to make money and get rich. don't expect others to provide you with your basic needs. find out what the market demands and position yourself to satisfy this demand in an efficient and profitable way", which is exactly what the traffic business does. so the relation with economic growth is right there, as it was in its origins, only in a new way this time.
PS: obviously, the "variable" which is most strongly related to the reproduction of this urban condition of spatial fragmentation with high levels of inequality is social (and spatial) justice, which may in fact (as it has been in brazil's recent history) be related to economic growth in a perverse fashion...
PPS: a basic reference for whoever may be interested in this subject:
english -
português